There are currently more than 120 opcodes defined by the virtual machine. All currently defined
opcodes are described in the list below.
- AbsValue
- Treat the top of the stack as a numeric quantity. Replace it
with its absolute value. If the top of the stack is NULL,
its value is unchanged.
- Add
- Pop the top two elements from the stack, add them together,
and push the result back onto the stack. If either element
is a string, then it is converted to a double using the atof()
function before the addition.
If either operand is NULL, the result is NULL.
- AddImm
- Add the value P1 to whatever is on top of the stack. The result
is always an integer.
To force the top of the stack to be an integer, just add 0.
- AggFinal
- Execute the finalizer function for an aggregate. P1 is
the memory location that is the accumulator for the aggregate.
P2 is the number of arguments that the step function takes and
P3 is a pointer to the FuncDef for this function. The P2
argument is not used by this opcode. It is there only to disambiguate
functions that can take varying numbers of arguments. The
P3 argument is needed only for the degenerate case where
the step function was not previously called.
- AggStep
- Execute the step function for an aggregate. The
function has P2 arguments. P3 is a pointer to the FuncDef
structure that specifies the function. Use memory location
P1 as the accumulator.
The P2 arguments are popped from the stack.
- And
- Pop two values off the stack. Take the logical AND of the
two values and push the resulting boolean value back onto the
stack.
- AutoCommit
- Set the database auto-commit flag to P1 (1 or 0). If P2 is true, roll
back any currently active btree transactions. If there are any active
VMs (apart from this one), then the COMMIT or ROLLBACK statement fails.
This instruction causes the VM to halt.
- BitAnd
- Pop the top two elements from the stack. Convert both elements
to integers. Push back onto the stack the bitwise AND of the
two elements.
If either operand is NULL, the result is NULL.
- BitNot
- Interpret the top of the stack as an value. Replace it
with its ones-complement. If the top of the stack is NULL, its
value is unchanged.
- BitOr
- Pop the top two elements from the stack. Convert both elements
to integers. Push back onto the stack the bitwise OR of the
two elements.
If either operand is NULL, the result is NULL.
- Blob
- P3 points to a Binary Large OBject (BLOB) that is P1 bytes long. Push this
value onto the stack. This instruction is not coded directly
by the compiler. Instead, the compiler layer specifies
an OP_HexBlob opcode, with the hexadecimal string representation of
the BLOB as P3. This opcode is transformed to an OP_Blob
the first time it is executed.
This opcode ignores P2.
- Callback
- Pop P1 values off the stack and form them into an array. Then
invoke the callback function using the newly formed array as the
third parameter.
- Clear
- Delete all contents of the database table or index whose root page
in the database file is given by P1. But, unlike Destroy, do not
remove the table or index from the database file.
The table being cleared is in the main database file if P2 is 0. If
P2 is 1, then the table to be cleared is in the auxiliary database file
that is used to store tables create using CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE.
See also: Destroy
- Close
- Close a cursor previously opened as P1. If P1 is not
currently open, this instruction is a no-op.
- CollSeq
- P3 is a pointer to a CollSeq struct. If the next call to a user function
or aggregate calls sqlite3GetFuncCollSeq(), this collation sequence will
be returned. This is used by the built-in min(), max() and nullif()
functions.
This opcode ignores P1 and P2.
- Column
- Interpret the data that cursor P1 points to as a structure built using
the MakeRecord instruction. (See the MakeRecord opcode for additional
information about the format of the data.) Push onto the stack the value
of the P2th column contained in the data. If there are fewer than P2+1
values in the record, push a NULL onto the stack.
If the KeyAsData opcode has previously executed on this cursor, then the
field might be extracted from the key rather than the data.
If P1 is negative, then the record is stored on the stack rather than in
a table. If P1 is -1, the top of the stack is used, if P1 is -2, the
next on the stack is used, and so forth. The value pushed is always
just a pointer into the record that is stored further down on the
stack. The column value is not copied. The number of columns in the
record is stored on the stack just above the record itself.
If the column contains fewer than P2 fields, then push a NULL. Or
if P3 is of type P3_MEM, then push the P3 value. The P3 value will be the default value for a column that has been added using the ALTER TABLE ADD COLUMN command. If P3 is an ordinary string, just push a NULL. When P3 is a string, it is really just a comment describing the value
to be pushed, not a default value.
- Concat
- Look at the first P1+2 elements of the stack. Append them all together, with
the lowest element first. The original P1+2 elements are
popped from the stack if P2 is 0 and retained if
P2 is 1. If any element of the stack is
NULL, then the result is NULL.
When
P1 is 1, this routine makes a copy of the top stack
element into memory obtained from sqliteMalloc().
- ContextPop
- Restore the Vdbe context to the state it was in when ContextPush was last
executed. The context stores the last insert row ID, the last statement
change count, and the current statement change count.
- ContextPush
- Save the current Vdbe context, so that it can be restored by a ContextPop
opcode. The context stores the last insert row ID, the last statement change
count, and the current statement change count.
- CreateIndex
- Allocate a new index in the main database file if P2 is 0 or in the
auxiliary database file if P2 is 1. Push the page number of the
root page of the new index onto the stack.
This opcode ignores P1.
- CreateTable
- Allocate a new table in the main database file if P2 is 0 or in the
auxiliary database file if P2 is 1. Push the page number
for the root page of the new table onto the stack.
The difference between a table and an index is this: A table must
have a 4-byte integer key and can have arbitrary data. An index
has an arbitrary key but no data.
See also: CreateIndex
This opcode ignores P1.
- Delete
- Delete the record at which the P1 cursor is currently pointing.
The cursor will be left pointing at either the next or the previous
record in the table. If it is left pointing at the next record, then
the next Next instruction will be a no-op. Hence it is OK to delete
a record from within a Next loop.
If the OPFLAG_NCHANGE flag of P2 is set, then the row change count is
incremented (otherwise not).
If P1 is a pseudo-table, then this instruction is a no-op.
- Destroy
- Delete an entire database table or index whose root page in the database file is given by
P1.
The table being destroyed is in the main database
file if P2 is 0. If P2 is 1, then the
table to be cleared is in the auxiliary database file that is used to store
tables create using CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE.
If the
auto-vacuum mode is enabled, then it is possible that another root page
might be moved into the newly deleted root page in order to keep all root
pages contiguous at the beginning of the database. The former value of the
root page that moved (i.e., its value before the move occurred) is pushed
onto the stack. If no page movement was required (because the table being
dropped was already the last one in the database), then a zero is pushed
onto the stack. If auto-vacuum is disabled, then a zero is pushed onto the
stack.
See also: Clear
- Distinct
- Use the top of the stack as a record created using MakeRecord. P1 is a
cursor on a table that declared an index. If that table contains an
entry that matches the top of the stack, then fall through. If the top of the stack
matches no entry in P1, then jump to P2.
The cursor is left pointing at the matching entry if it exists. The
record on the top of the stack is not popped.
This instruction is similar to NotFound except that this operation
doesn't pop the key from the stack.
The instruction is used to implement the DISTINCT operator on SELECT
statements. The P1 table is not a true index but rather a record of
all results that have been produced so far.
See also: Found, NotFound, IsUnique, NotExists
- Divide
- Pop the top two elements from the stack, divide the
first element (what was on top of the stack) from the second element (the
next on stack), and push the result back onto the stack. If either element
is a string, then it is converted to a double using the atof()
function before the division. Division by zero returns NULL.
If either operand is NULL, so is the result.
- DropIndex
- Remove the internal (in-memory) data structures that describe
the index named P3 in database P1. This is called after an index
is dropped in order to keep the internal representation of the
schema consistent with what is on disk.
- DropTable
- Remove the internal (in-memory) data structures that describe
the table named P3 in database P1. This opcode is called after a table
is dropped in order to keep the internal representation of the schema consistent with what is on disk.
- DropTrigger
- Remove the internal (in-memory) data structures that describe
the trigger named P3 in database P1. This is called after a trigger
is dropped in order to keep the internal representation of the
schema consistent with what is on disk.
- Dup
- Make a copy of the P1th stack element and push it to the top of the stack.
The top of the stack is element 0, so the instruction Dup 0 0 0 makes a copy of the top of the stack.
If the content of the P1th element is a dynamically
allocated string, then a new copy of that string is made if P2 is 0. If P2 is note 0, then just a pointer
to the string is copied.
Also see the Pull instruction.
- Eq
- Pop the top two elements from the stack. If they are equal, then jump to instruction
P2. Otherwise, continue to the next instruction.
If
the 0x100 bit of P1 is set and either
operand is NULL, then make the jump. If the
0x100 bit of P1 is clear, then fall
through if either operand is NULL.
If the
0x200 bit of P1 is set and either
operand is NULL, then both operands are converted to integers
before comparison. NULL operands are converted to zero and
non-NULL operands to 1. Thus,
with 0x200 set, NULL==NULL is true,
when otherwise it's NULL. Likewise,
NULL==123 is false when 0x200 is
set, but is NULL when that bit of
P1 is clear.
The least significant byte of
P1 (mask 0xff) must be an affinity
character—n, t, i, or o—or
0x00. An attempt is made to
coerce both values according to the affinity before the comparison is made.
If the byte is 0x00, numeric affinity is used.
Once any
conversions have taken place, and neither value is NULL, the
values are compared. If both values are BLOBs or both are text, then
memcmp() is used to determine the results of the
comparison. If both values are numeric, then a numeric comparison is used.
If the two values are of different types, then they are unequal.
If
P2 is zero, do not jump. Instead, push an integer 1
onto the stack if the jump would have been taken, or a 0 if not. Push a
NULL if either operand was NULL.
If
P3 is not NULL, it is a pointer to a
collating sequence (a CollSeq structure) that defines how to
compare text.
- Expire
- Cause precompiled statements to expire. An expired statement
fails with an error code of QDB_SCHEMA if it is ever executed
(via sqlite3_step()).
If P1 is 0, then all SQL statements expire. If P1 is non-zero,
then only the currently executing statement is affected.
- FifoRead
- Attempt to read a single integer from the FIFO
and push it onto the stack. If the FIFO is empty, then
push nothing but instead jump to P2.
This opcode ignores P1.
- FifoWrite
- Write the integer on the top of the stack
into the FIFO.
- ForceInt
- Convert the top of the stack into an integer. If the current top of
the stack is not numeric (meaning it's a NULL or a string that
doesn't look like an integer or floating-point number), then pop the
stack and jump to P2. If the top of the stack is numeric, then
convert it into the least integer that is greater than or equal to its
current value if P1 is 0, or to the least integer that is strictly
greater than its current value if P1 is 1.
- Found
- The top of the stack holds a BLOB constructed by MakeRecord. P1 is an index.
If an entry that matches the top of the stack exists in P1, then
jump to P2. If the top of the stack doesn't match any entry in P1
then fall through. The P1 cursor is left pointing at the matching entry
if it exists. The BLOB is popped off the top of the stack.
This instruction is used to implement the IN operator where the
left-hand side is a SELECT statement. P1 is not a true index but
is instead a temporary index that holds the results of the SELECT
statement. This instruction just checks to see if the left-hand side
of the IN operator (stored on the top of the stack) exists in the
result of the SELECT statement.
See also: Distinct, NotFound, IsUnique, NotExists
- Function
-
Invoke the user function defined in the Function structure that P3 points to,
with P2 arguments taken from the stack. Pop all
arguments from the stack and push back the result.
P1 is a 32-bit bitmask indicating whether each function argument
was determined to be constant at compile time. If the first
argument was constant, then bit 0 of P1 is set. This is used to determine
whether metadata associated with a user function argument using the
sqlite3_set_auxdata() API may be safely retained until the next
invocation of this opcode.
See also: AggStep and AggFinal
- Ge
- This opcode works just like the Eq opcode except that the jump is taken if
the second element down on the stack is greater than or equal to the
top of the stack. See the Eq opcode for additional information.
- Gosub
- Push the current address plus 1 onto the return address stack, then jump to address P2.
The return address stack is of limited depth. If too many
OP_Gosub operations occur without intervening OP_Returns, then
the return address stack will fill up and processing will abort
with a fatal error.
This opcode ignores P1.
- Goto
- An unconditional jump to address P2.
The next instruction executed will be
the one at index P2 from the beginning of
the program.
This opcode ignores P1.
- Gt
- This works just like the Eq opcode except that the jump is taken if
the second element down on the stack is greater than the top of the stack.
See the Eq opcode for additional information.
- Halt
- Exit immediately. All open cursors and FIFOs are closed automatically.
P1 is the result code returned by sqlite3_exec(), sqlite3_reset(),
or sqlite3_finalize(). For a normal halt, this should be QDB_OK (0).
For errors, it can be some other value. If P1 is non-zero, then P2 will determine
whether or not to rollback the current transaction. Do not roll back
if P2 is OE_Fail. Do the rollback if P2 is OE_Rollback. If P2 is OE_Abort,
then back out all changes that have occurred during this execution of the
VDBE, but do not rollback the transaction.
If P3 is not null, then it is an error message string.
There is an implied Halt 0 0 0 instruction inserted at the very end of every program.
So a jump past the last instruction of the program is the same as executing Halt.
- HexBlob
- P3 is an UTF-8 SQL hex encoding of a Binary Large OBject (BLOB). The BLOB is pushed onto the
VDBE stack.
The first time this instruction executes, in transforms itself into a
Blob opcode with a binary BLOB as P3.
This opcode ignores P1 and P2.
- IdxDelete
- The top of the stack is an index key built using the MakeIdxKey opcode.
This opcode removes that entry from the index.
- IdxGE
- The top of the stack is an index entry that omits the row ID. Compare
the top of stack against the index that P1 is currently pointing to.
Ignore the row ID on the P1 index.
If the P1 index entry is greater than or equal to the top of the stack
then jump to P2. Otherwise fall through to the next instruction.
In either case, the stack is popped once.
If P3 is the + string (or any other non-NULL string), then the
index taken from the top of the stack is temporarily increased by
an epsilon prior to the comparison. This makes the opcode work
like IdxGT except that if the key from the stack is a prefix of
the key in the cursor, the result is false whereas it would be
true with IdxGT.
- IdxGT
- The top of the stack is an index entry that omits the row ID. Compare
the top of stack against the index that P1 is currently pointing to.
Ignore the row ID on the P1 index.
The top of the stack might have fewer columns than P1.
If the P1 index entry is greater than the top of the stack,
then jump to P2. Otherwise fall through to the next instruction.
In either case, the stack is popped once.
- IdxInsert
- The top of the stack holds an SQL index key made using the
MakeIdxKey instruction. This opcode writes that key into the
index P1. Data for the entry is nil.
This instruction works only for indexes. The equivalent instruction
for tables is OP_Insert.
- IdxIsNull
- The top of the stack contains an index entry such as might be generated
by the MakeIdxKey opcode. This routine looks at the first P1 fields of
that key. If any of the first P1 fields are NULL, then a jump is made
to address P2. Otherwise it falls straight through.
The index entry is always popped from the stack.
- IdxLT
- The top of the stack is an index entry that omits the row ID. Compare
the top of stack against the index that P1 is currently pointing to.
Ignore the row ID on the P1 index.
If the P1 index entry is less than the top of the stack,
then jump to P2. Otherwise fall through to the next instruction.
In either case, the stack is popped once.
If P3 is the + string (or any other non-NULL string), then the
index taken from the top of the stack is temporarily increased by
an epsilon prior to the comparison. This makes the opcode work
like IdxLE.
- IdxRowid
- Push onto the stack an integer which is the last entry in the record at
the end of the index key pointed to by cursor P1. This integer should be
the row ID of the table entry to which this index entry points.
See also: Rowid.
- If
- Pop a single boolean from the stack. If the boolean popped is
true, then jump to P2. Otherwise continue to the next instruction.
An integer is false if zero, and true otherwise. A string is
false if it has zero length, and true otherwise.
If the value popped of the stack is NULL, then take the jump if P1
is true, and fall through if P1 is false.
- IfMemPos
- If the value of memory cell P1 is 1 or greater, jump to P2. This
opcode assumes that memory cell P1 holds an integer value.
- IfNot
- Pop a single boolean from the stack. If the boolean popped is
false, then jump to P2. Otherwise continue to the next instruction.
An integer is false if zero, and true otherwise. A string is
false if it has zero length, and true otherwise.
If the value popped of the stack is NULL, then take the jump if P1
is true and fall through if P1 is false.
- Insert
- Write an entry into the table of cursor P1. A new entry is
created if it doesn't already exist or the data for an existing
entry is overwritten. The data is the value on the top of the
stack. The key is the next value down on the stack. The key must
be an integer. The stack is popped twice by this instruction.
If the OPFLAG_NCHANGE flag of P2 is set, then the row change count is
incremented (otherwise not). If the OPFLAG_LASTROWID flag of P2 is set,
then row ID is stored for subsequent return by the
sqlite3_last_insert_row ID() function (otherwise it's unmodified).
This instruction works only on tables. The equivalent instruction
for indexes is OP_IdxInsert.
- Int64
- P3 is a string representation of an integer. Convert that integer
to a 64-bit value and push it onto the stack.
This opcode ignores P1 and P2.
- Integer
- Push the 32-bit integer value P1 onto the stack.
- IntegrityCk
- Do an analysis of the currently open database. Push onto the stack the text of an error message
describing any problems. If there are no errors, push an ok
onto the stack.
The root page numbers of all database tables are integer
values on the stack. This opcode pulls as many integers as it can off the
stack and uses those numbers as the root pages.
If
P2 is not zero, the check is done on the auxiliary
database file, not the main database file. P1 is
ignored.
This opcode is used for testing purposes only.
- IsNull
- If any of the top abs(P1) values on the stack are NULL, then jump
to P2. Pop the stack P1 times if P1 is greater than 0. If P1 is less than 0, leave the stack unchanged.
- IsUnique
- The top of the stack is an integer record number. Call this
record number R. The next on the stack is an index key created
using MakeIdxKey. Call it K. This instruction pops R from the
stack but it leaves K unchanged.
P1 is an index. So it has no data and its key consists of a
record generated by OP_MakeRecord where the last field is the
row ID of the entry that the index refers to.
This instruction asks if there is an entry in P1 where the
field matches K but the row ID is different from R.
If there is no such entry, then there is an immediate
jump to P2. If any entry does exist where the index string
matches K but the record number is not R, then the record
number for that entry is pushed onto the stack and control
falls through to the next instruction.
See also: Distinct, NotFound, NotExists, Found
- Last
- The next use of the Rowid, Column, or Next instruction for P1
will refer to the last entry in the database table or index.
If the table or index is empty and P2 is greater than 0, then jump immediately to P2. If P2 is 0 or if the table or index is not empty, fall through
to the following instruction.
- Le
- This works just like the Eq opcode, except that the jump is taken if
the second element down on the stack is less than or equal to the
top of the stack. See the Eq opcode for additional information.
- LoadAnalysis
- Read the sqlite_stat1 table for database P1 and load the content
of that table into the internal index hash table. This will cause
the analysis to be used when preparing all subsequent queries.
- Lt
- This works just like the Eq opcode, except that the jump is taken if
the second element down on the stack is less than the top of the stack.
See the Eq opcode for additional information.
- MakeRecord
- Convert the top abs(P1) entries of the stack into a single entry
suitable for use as a data record in a database table or as a key
in an index. The details of the format are irrelevant as long as
the OP_Column opcode can decode the record later and as long as the
sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare() function correctly compares two encoded
records. Refer to source code comments for the details of the record
format.
The original stack entries are popped from the stack if P1 is greater than 0 but
remain on the stack if P1 is less than 0.
If P2 is not zero and one or more of the entries are NULL, then jump
to the address given by P2. This feature can be used to skip a
uniqueness test on indexes.
P3 may be a string that is P1 characters long. The nth character of the
string indicates the column affinity that should be used for the nth
field of the index key (i.e., the first character of P3 corresponds to the
lowest element on the stack).
The mapping from character to affinity is as follows:
- n = NUMERIC
- i = INTEGER
- t = TEXT
- o = NONE
If P3 is NULL, then all index fields have the affinity NONE.
- MakeRecordI
- This opcode works just like OP_MakeRecord except that it reads an extra
integer from the stack (thus reading a total of abs(P1+1) entries)
and appends that extra integer to the end of the record as a variant. This results in an index key.
- MemIncr
- Increment the integer valued memory cell P1 by 1. If P2 is not zero
and the result after the increment is exactly 1, then jump
to P2.
This instruction throws an error if the memory cell is not initially
an integer.
- MemInt
- Store the integer value P1 in memory cell P2.
- MemLoad
- Push a copy of the value in memory location P1 onto the stack.
If the value is a string, then the value pushed is a pointer to
the string that is stored in the memory location. If the memory
location is subsequently changed (using OP_MemStore), then the
value pushed onto the stack will change too.
- MemMax
- Set the value of memory cell P1 to the maximum of its current value
and the value on the top of the stack. The stack is unchanged.
This instruction throws an error if the memory cell is not initially
an integer.
- MemMove
- Move the content of memory cell P2 to memory cell P1.
Any prior content of P1 is erased. Memory cell P2 is left
containing a NULL.
- MemNull
- Store a NULL in memory cell P1.
- MemStore
- Write the top of the stack into memory location P1.
P1 should be a small integer, since space is allocated
for all memory locations between 0 and P1 inclusive.
After the data is stored in the memory location, the
stack is popped once if P2 is 1. If P2 is zero, then
the original data remains on the stack.
- MoveGe
- Pop the top of the stack and use its value as a key. Reposition
cursor P1 so that it points to the smallest entry that is greater
than or equal to the key that was popped from the stack.
If there are no records greater than or equal to the key, and P2
is not zero, then jump to P2.
See also: Found, NotFound, Distinct, MoveLt, MoveGt, MoveLe.
- MoveGt
- Pop the top of the stack and use its value as a key. Reposition
cursor P1 so that it points to the smallest entry that is greater
than the key from the stack.
If there are no records greater than the key, and P2 is not zero,
then jump to P2.
See also: Found, NotFound, Distinct, MoveLt, MoveGe, MoveLe.
- MoveLe
- Pop the top of the stack and use its value as a key. Reposition
cursor P1 so that it points to the largest entry that is less than
or equal to the key that was popped from the stack.
If there are no records less than or equal to the key, and P2 is not zero,
then jump to P2.
See also: Found, NotFound, Distinct, MoveGt, MoveGe, MoveLt.
- MoveLt
- Pop the top of the stack and use its value as a key. Reposition
cursor P1 so that it points to the largest entry that is less
than the key from the stack.
If there are no records less than the key, and P2 is not zero,
then jump to P2.
See also: Found, NotFound, Distinct, MoveGt, MoveGe, MoveLe.
- Multiply
- Pop the top two elements from the stack, multiply them together,
and push the result back onto the stack. If either element
is a string, then it is converted to a double using the atof()
function before the multiplication.
If either operand is NULL, the result is NULL.
- MustBeInt
- Force the top of the stack to be an integer. If the top of the
stack is not an integer and cannot be converted into an integer
without data loss, then jump immediately to P2, or if P2 is 0,
raise a QDB_MISMATCH exception.
If the top of the stack is not an integer and P2 is not zero and
P1 is 1, then the stack is popped. In all other cases, the depth
of the stack is unchanged.
- Ne
- This works just like the Eq opcode, except that the jump is taken if
the operands from the stack are not equal. See the Eq opcode for
additional information.
- Negative
- Treat the top of the stack as a numeric quantity. Replace it
with its additive inverse. If the top of the stack is NULL,
its value is unchanged.
- NewRowid
- Get a new integer record number (rowid) used as the key to a table.
The record number is a number not already being used as a key in the database
table that cursor P1 points to. The new record number is pushed
onto the stack.
If P2 is greater than 0, then P2 is a memory cell that holds the largest previously
generated record number. No new record numbers are allowed to be less
than this value. When this value reaches its maximum, a QDB_FULL
error is generated. The P2 memory cell is updated with the generated
record number. This P2 mechanism is used to help implement the
AUTOINCREMENT feature.
- Next
- Advance cursor P1 so that it points to the next key/data pair in its
table or index. If there are no more key/data pairs, then fall through
to the following instruction; if the cursor advance was successful,
jump immediately to P2.
See also: Prev
- Noop
- Do nothing. This instruction is often useful as a jump
destination.
- Not
- Interpret the top of the stack as a boolean value, and replace it
with its complement. If the top of the stack is NULL, its value
is unchanged.
- NotExists
- Use the top of the stack as a integer key. If a record with that key
doesn't exist in table of P1, then jump to P2. If the record
does exist, then fall through. The cursor is left pointing to the
record if it exists. The integer key is popped from the stack.
The difference between this operation and NotFound is that this
operation assumes the key is an integer and that P1 is a table whereas
NotFound assumes key is a BLOB constructed from MakeRecord and
P1 is an index.
See also: Distinct, Found, NotFound, IsUnique.
- NotFound
- The top of the stack holds a BLOB constructed by MakeRecord. P1 is
an index. If no entry exists in P1 that matches the BLOB, then jump
to P2. If an entry does exist, fall through. The cursor is left
pointing to the entry that matches. The BLOB is popped from the stack.
The difference between this operation and Distinct is that
Distinct doesn't pop the key from the stack.
See also: Distinct, Found, NotExists, IsUnique.
- NotNull
- Jump to P2 if the top P1 values on the stack are all not NULL.
If P1 is greater than 0, the stack is popped P1 times.
If P1 is less than or equal to 0, the stack is left unchanged.
- Null
- Push a NULL onto the stack.
- NullRow
- Move the cursor P1 to a null row. Any OP_Column operations
that occur while the cursor is on the null row will always push
a NULL onto the stack.
- OpenPseudo
- Open a new cursor that points to a fake table that contains a single
row of data. Any attempt to write a second row of data causes the
first row to be deleted. All data is deleted when the cursor is
closed.
This opcode creates a pseudo-table useful for holding the NEW or OLD tables in a trigger.
- OpenRead
- Open a read-only cursor for the database table whose root page is
P2 in a database file. The database file is determined by an
integer from the top of the stack. A 0 means the main database, and a
1 means the database used for temporary tables. Give the new
cursor an identifier of P1. The P1 values need not be contiguous,
but all P1 values should be small integers. It is an error for
P1 to be negative.
If P2 is 0, then take the root page number from the next element on the stack.
There will be a read lock on the database whenever there is an
open cursor. If the database was unlocked prior to this instruction,
then a read lock is acquired as part of this instruction. A read
lock allows other processes to read the database but prohibits
any other process from modifying it. The read lock is
released when all cursors are closed. If this instruction attempts
to get a read lock but fails, the script terminates with an
EBUSY error code.
The P3 value is a pointer to a KeyInfo structure that defines the
content and collating sequence of indexes. P3 is NULL for cursors
that are not pointing to indexes.
See also OpenWrite.
- OpenVirtual
- Open a new cursor P1 to a transient or virtual table.
The cursor is always opened for reading and writing, even if
the main database is read-only. The transient or virtual
table is deleted automatically when the cursor is closed.
P2 is the number of columns in the virtual table.
The cursor points to a BTree table if P3 is 0, and to a BTree index
if P3 is not 0. If P3 is not NULL, it points to a KeyInfo structure
that defines the format of keys in the index.
- OpenWrite
- Open a read/write cursor named P1 on the table or index whose root
page is P2. If P2 is 0, then take the root page number from the stack.
The P3 value is a pointer to a KeyInfo structure that defines the
content and collating sequence of indexes. P3 is NULL for cursors
that are not pointing to indexes.
This instruction works just like OpenRead, except that it opens the cursor
in read/write mode. For a given table, there can be one or more read-only
cursors or a single read/write cursor, but not both.
See also OpenRead.
- Or
- Pop two values off the stack. Take the logical OR of the
two values and push the resulting boolean value back onto the
stack.
- ParseSchema
- Read and parse all entries from the QDB_MASTER table of database P1
that match the WHERE clause P3.
This opcode invokes the parser to create a new virtual machine,
then runs the new virtual machine. It is thus a reentrant opcode.
- Pop
- Pop P1 elements off the top of the stack and discarded.
- Prev
- Back up cursor P1 so that it points to the previous key/data pair in its
table or index. If there is no previous key/value pair, then fall through
to the following instruction. If the cursor backup was successful, then
jump immediately to P2.
- Pull
- Remove the P1th element from its current location on
the stack and push it back on top of the stack. The
top of the stack is element 0, so Pull 0 0 0 is
a no-op. Pull 1 0 0 swaps the top two elements of
the stack.
See also the Dup instruction.
- Push
- Overwrite the value of the P1th element down on the
stack (P1 is 0 is the top of the stack) with the value
of the top of the stack. Then pop the top of the stack.
- ReadCookie
- Read cookie number P2 from database P1 and push it onto the stack.
A value of P2==0 is the schema version, while P2==1 is the database format.
P2==2 is the recommended pager cache size, and so forth. P1==0 is
the main database file and P1==1 is the database file used to store
temporary tables.
There must be a read-lock on the database (either a transaction
must be started or there must be an open cursor) before
executing this instruction.
- Real
- The string value P3 is converted to a real and pushed on to the stack.
This opcode ignores P1 and P2.
- Remainder
- Pop the top two elements from the stack, divide the
first (the element that was on top of the stack) by the second (the
element that was next on the stack)
and push the remainder after division onto the stack. If either element
is a string, then it is converted to a double using the atof()
function before the division. Division by zero returns NULL.
If either operand is NULL, the result is NULL.
- ResetCount
- This opcode resets the VM's internal change counter to 0. If P1 is true,
then the value of the change counter is copied to the database handle
change counter (returned by subsequent calls to sqlite3_changes())
before it is reset. This is used by trigger programs.
- Return
- Jump immediately to the next instruction after the last unreturned
OP_Gosub. If an OP_Return has occurred for all OP_Gosub, then
processing aborts with a fatal error.
- Rewind
- The next use of the Rowid, Column, or Next instruction for P1
will refer to the first entry in the database table or index.
If the table or index is empty and P2>0, then jump immediately to P2.
If P2 is 0 or if the table or index is not empty, fall through
to the following instruction.
- RowData
- Push onto the stack the complete row data for cursor P1.
There is no interpretation of the data. It is just copied
onto the stack exactly as it is found in the database file.
If the cursor is not pointing to a valid row, a NULL is pushed
onto the stack.
- Rowid
- Push onto the stack an integer that's the key of the table entry that
P1 is pointing to.
- RowKey
- Push onto the stack the complete row key for cursor P1.
There is no interpretation of the key. It is just copied
onto the stack exactly as it is found in the database file.
If the cursor is not pointing to a valid row, a NULL is pushed
onto the stack.
- Sequence
- Push onto the stack an integer that's the next available
sequence number for cursor P1. The sequence number on the
cursor is incremented after the push.
- SetCookie
- Write the top of the stack into cookie number P2 of database P1. A value of
P2==0 indicates the schema version, while a value of P2==1 indicates the database format.
P2==2 is the recommended pager cache size, and so forth. P1==0 is
the main database file and P1==1 is the database file used to store
temporary tables.
A transaction must be started before executing this opcode.
- SetNumColumns
- Before the OP_Column opcode can be executed on a cursor, this
opcode must be called to set the number of fields in the table.
This opcode sets the number of columns for cursor P1 to P2.
If OP_KeyAsData is to be applied to cursor P1, it must be executed
before this opcode.
- ShiftLeft
- Pop the top two elements from the stack, convert both elements
to integers, and push back onto the stack the second element shifted
left by N bits, where N is the top element on the stack.
If either operand is NULL, the result is NULL.
- ShiftRight
- Pop the top two elements from the stack, convert both elements
to integers, and push back onto the stack the second element shifted
right by N bits, where N is the top element on the stack.
If either operand is NULL, the result is NULL.
- Sort
- This opcode is similar to OP_Rewind, except that
it increments an undocumented global variable used for testing.
Sorting is accomplished by writing records into a sorting index,
then rewinding that index and playing it back from beginning to
end. We use the OP_Sort opcode instead of OP_Rewind to do the
rewinding so that the global variable will be incremented and
regression tests can determine whether or not the optimizer is
correctly optimizing out sorts.
- Statement
- Begin an individual statement transaction that's part of a larger
BEGIN..COMMIT transaction. This opcode is needed so that the statement
can be rolled back after an error without having to roll back the
entire transaction. The statement transaction will automatically
commit when the VDBE halts.
The statement is begun on the database file with index P1. The main
database file has an index of 0, and the file used for temporary tables
has an index of 1.
- String
- The string value P3 is pushed onto the stack. If P3 is 0, then a
NULL is pushed onto the stack. P3 is assumed to be a null-terminated string encoded with the database native encoding.
This opcode ignores P1 and P2.
- String8
- P3 points to a null-terminated UTF-8 string. This opcode is transformed
into an OP_String before it is executed for the first time.
This opcode ignores P1 and P2.
- Subtract
- Pop the top two elements from the stack, subtract the
first (the element that was on top of the stack) from the second (the
element that was next on the stack)
and push the result back onto the stack. If either element
is a string, then it is converted to a double using the atof()
function before the subtraction.
If either operand is NULL, the result is NULL.
- ToBlob
- Force the value on the top of the stack to be a BLOB.
If the value is numeric, convert it to a string first.
Strings are simply reinterpreted as BLOBs with no change
to the underlying data.
A NULL value is not changed by this routine; it remains NULL.
- ToInt
- Force the value on the top of the stack to be an integer. If
the value is currently a real number, drop its fractional part.
If the value is text or BLOB, try to convert it to an integer using the
equivalent of atoi(); store 0 if no such conversion is possible.
A NULL value is not changed by this routine. It remains NULL.
- ToNumeric
- Force the value on the top of the stack to be numeric (either an
integer or a floating-point number). If the value is text or BLOB, try to convert it to a number using the
equivalent of atoi() or atof(); store 0 if no such conversion
is possible.
A NULL value is not changed by this routine. It remains NULL.
- ToText
- Force the value on the top of the stack to be text.
If the value is numeric, convert it to a character sequence using the
equivalent of printf(). BLOB values are unchanged and
are afterwards simply interpreted as text.
A NULL value is not changed by this routine. It remains NULL.
- Transaction
- Begin a transaction. The transaction ends when a Commit or Rollback
opcode is encountered. Depending on the ON CONFLICT setting, the
transaction might also be rolled back if an error is encountered.
P1 is the index of the database file on which the transaction is
started. Index 0 is the main database file and index 1 is the
file used for temporary tables.
If P2 is non-zero, then a write transaction is started. A RESERVED lock is
obtained on the database file when a write transaction is started. No
other process can start another write transaction while this transaction is
underway. Starting a write transaction also creates a rollback journal. A
write transaction must be started before any changes can be made to the
database. If P2 is 2 or greater, then an EXCLUSIVE lock is also obtained
on the file.
If P2 is zero, then a read lock is obtained on the database file.
- Vacuum
- Vacuum the entire database. This opcode will cause other virtual
machines to be created and run. It may not be called from within
a transaction.
- Variable
- Push the value of variable P1 onto the stack. A variable is
an unknown in the original SQL string as handed to sqlite3_compile().
Any occurrence of the ? character in the original SQL is considered
a variable. Variables in the SQL string are number from left to
right beginning with 1. The values of variables are set using the
sqlite3_bind() API.
- VerifyCookie
- Check the value of global database parameter number 0 (the
schema version) and make sure it is equal to P2.
P1 is the database number, which is 0 for the main database file, 1 for the file holding temporary tables, and some higher number for auxiliary databases.
The cookie changes its value whenever the database schema changes.
This opcode is used to detect when the cookie has changed
and the current process needs to reread the schema.
Either a transaction needs to have been started or an OP_Open needs
to be executed (to establish a read lock) before this opcode is
invoked.